Segmentation Coin types Additional symbols City ethnic Concordance with the Celenderis Hoard

Segmentation

Staters are divided into three groups based on the orientation of the obverse and the depiction of the goat on the reverse:

GROUP 1
Time period:	c. 450 BC
Characteristic:	The obverse and reverse are oriented to the left. The reverse depicts the forepart of a goat looking ahead.
GROUP 2
Time period:	c. 450–405 BC
Characteristic:	The obverse is oriented to the left; the orientation of the reverse is not fixed. The reverse always depicts a whole goat looking in the opposite direction.
GROUP 3
Time period:	c. 405–375 BC (?)
Characteristic:	The obverse is oriented to the right; the orientation of the reverse is not fixed. The reverse always depicts a whole goat looking in the opposite direction.

The dating of these groups is uncertain. For Group 1, the traditional dating to around the middle of the 5th century BC has been retained here. The division between Groups 2 and 3 follows Kraay 1962, p. 15. The year 375 BC as a terminus ante quem for the production of staters is based on published hoards, but this estimate is highly uncertain, and some types may have been minted much later. Casabonne 2004, p. 117, proposes a different classification, although he retains Group 1, which he dates to 440–430 BC. For further details, see the Chronology section.

Third staters and silver fractions (obols and hemiobols) are listed in separate sections. One section is dedicated to bronze coins with a gorgoneion on the obverse and a kneeling goat on the reverse. Most reference works date these coins to the 2nd century BC (BMC 21, p. 57, 39; Forrer/Weber 3, 7530; SNG Copenhagen 33, 95; SNG von Aulock, 5644; SNG Levante, 31; SNG Levante Supp., 12); the sole exception is SNG France 2, 118, which dates them to the last quarter of the 5th century BC. However, their possible dating to the pre-Hellenistic period is suggested by the occurrence of the gorgoneion, a motif also found on obols and hemiobols (Types 5.7, 5.8, 5.13, 5.14, 6.4 and 6.5), and by the sun symbol (Type 7.3c), which links these coins to certain staters and obols (Types 3.6, 3.17, 5.12b and 5.14).

 

Coin types

Staters
Obverse		Reverse		Distinctive features	Type
horseman	left	forepart of goat	left	rev.: above goat, ethnic	1.1
				rev.: above goat, Corinthian helmet; behind goat, ethnic	1.2
				obv.: rider wearing chlamys rev.: dotted border	1.3
		goat	left	rev.: in exergue, ethnic; dotted border	2.1a
				anepigraphic	2.1b
				obv.: in exergue, ethnic rev.: astragalos, double exergual line with hatched markings	2.2
				obv.: in exergue, ethnic rev.: ivy branch, triple exergual line	2.3
				rev.: on left, ethnic; above goat, ivy branch ending in a flower	2.4a
				obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, Π rev.: on left, ethnic; above goat, ivy branch ending in a flower	2.4b
				obv.: in exergue, dolphin rev.: boxed form of letter heta	2.5
				rev.: above goat, ethnic	2.6
				obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, A rev.: above goat, ethnic	2.7
				obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A rev.: above goat, ethnic	2.8
				obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A (or Λ?) engraved over another character rev.: above goat, ethnic	2.9
				obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, letter resembling Π rev.: above goat, ethnic	2.10
				obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, Π rev.: above goat, ethnic	2.11
			right	rev.: above goat, ethnic; double dotted and solid exergual line	2.12a, c–d
				obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, letter resembling Π rev.: above goat, ethnic; double dotted and solid exergual line	2.12b
	right	goat	left	rev.: above goat, ethnic	3.1
				rev.: ethnic divided into two parts	3.2
				rev.: ethnic divided into three parts	3.3
				rev.: above goat, KE; no incuse	3.4
				rev.: above goat, ethnic; dotted border; no incuse	3.5
				obv.: rider sitting astride; above horse, Sun rev.: above goat, ethnic; dotted border; no incuse	3.6
			right	rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts)	3.7
				rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts); control mark(s)	3.8
				obv.: whip loop rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts)	3.9
				rev.: above goat, ethnic; exergue, dolphin	3.10
				rev.: above goat, ethnic; below goat, olive sprig	3.11
				obv.: below horse, T rev.: above goat, ethnic; no incuse	3.12
				rev.: square incuse	3.13
				rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts); dotted border; no incuse	3.14
				obv.: below horse, control mark rev.: above goat, ethnic; control mark(s); no incuse	3.15
				rev.: above goat, ethnic; faint dotted border	3.16
				obv.: rider sitting astride; above horse, Sun rev.: above goat, ethnic; control mark(s); dotted border; no incuse	3.17
Third Staters
Obverse		Reverse		Distinctive features	Type
forepart of Pegasus	left	forepart of goat	left	rev.: goat looking ahead	4.1
horseman	left	goat	left	rev.: above goat, astragalos	4.2
				obv.: before horse, round shield; in exergue, dolphin rev.: boxed form of letter heta	4.3
				rev.: above goat, ivy branch	4.4
				obv.: in exergue, ethnic rev.: above goat, ethnic	4.5
				rev.: above goat, ethnic	4.6
				obv.: letter Λ rev.: above goat, ethnic	4.7
				obv.: letter Π rev.: above goat, ethnic	4.8
	right	goat	left	rev.: above goat, ethnic (on some variants divided into two parts)	4.9
			right	rev.: above goat, ethnic	4.10
Obols
Obverse		Reverse		Distinctive features	Type
forepart of Pegasus	left	forepart of goat	left	obv.: Pegasus has wide wings rev.: goat looking ahead	5.1
				obv.: Pegasus has wide wings rev.: ethnic or ivy leaf or branch	5.2a–d
			right	obv.: Pegasus has wide wings rev.: ivy leaf with stem	5.2e
				rev.: around goat; ethnic	5.3a
	right	forepart of goat	left	rev.: above or around goat; ethnic	5.3b–c
			right	rev.: around goat; ethnic	5.3d
	left	goat	right	rev.: above goat, ethnic	5.4a
	right	goat	right	rev.: ethnic	5.4b–e
forepart of horse	left	forepart of goat	right	obv.: round shield rev.: boxed form of letter heta	5.5
head of Athena	left	forepart of Pegasus	left	rev.: square incuse	5.6
		goat	right	rev.: above goat, ethnic	5.9a
	right	goat	left	rev.: above goat, ethnic	5.9b
gorgoneion	en face	forepart of Pegasus	left	rev.: square incuse	5.7a
			right	rev.: square incuse	5.7b
		forepart of horse	right	rev.: square incuse	5.8
		astragalos	en face	rev.: ethnic	5.13
				rev.: ethnic and Sun	5.14
horse	left	goat	left	rev.: above goat, ethnic	5.11a
	right	forepart of goat	right	rev.: ethnic, kerykeion	5.10
		goat	left	rev.: anepigraphic or ethnic above goat	5.11b–d
				obv.: above horse, wreath rev.: ethnic and control mark	5.12a
			right	rev.: anepigraphic or ethnic above goat	5.11e–i
				obv.: above horse, Sun rev.: ethnic and facing lion’s head (?)	5.12b
Hemiobols
Obverse		Reverse		Distinctive features	Type
forepart of Pegasus	left	forepart of goat	left	rev.: ethnic	6.1a–e
		goat	left	rev.: ethnic	6.2a
			right	rev.: ethnic	6.2b
	right	forepart of goat	right	rev.: anepigraphic (?)	6.1f
		goat	right	rev.: ethnic	6.2c–g
head of Athena	left	forepart of Pegasus	left	rev.: square incuse	6.3a
	right	forepart of Pegasus	left	rev.: square incuse	6.3b
gorgoneion	en face	forepart of Pegasus	left	rev.: square incuse	6.4
		forepart of horse	right	rev.: square incuse	6.5
horse	right	goat	right	rev.: ethnic	6.6
Bronze coins
Obverse		Reverse		Distinctive features	Type
gorgoneion	en face	forepart of goat	left	rev.: ethnic	7.1a
			right	anepigraphic	7.1b
		goat	left	anepigraphic	7.2
			right	rev.: ethnic	7.3a–b
				rev.: ethnic; Sun	7.3c

 

Additional symbols

Symbol	Denomination	Position	Orientation	Type
astragalos	stater	rev.: upper field	—	2.2
		rev.: exergue	—	2.8e
	third stater	rev.: upper field	—	4.2
Corinthian helmet	stater	rev.: upper field	left	1.2
dolphin	stater	obv.: exergue	left	2.5
		rev.: exergue	right	3.10
	third stater	obv.: exergue	left	4.3
ivy branch (various forms)	stater	rev.: upper field	left	2.3b–c, 2.4, 2.6a, 2.9c, 2.11a
			right	2.3a, 3.9e
	third stater	rev.: upper field	left	4.4b–c, 4.6b
			right	4.4a
	obol	rev.: right field	left	5.2c
ivy leaf	stater	rev.: upper field	left	2.6e, 3.1d–e
		rev.: exergue	right	2.12d
	obol	rev.: upper field	left	5.2e
		obv.: exergue rev.: exergue	right	5.2d
kerykeion (caduceus)	stater	rev.: exergue	left	3.15d
			right	3.8l
	obol	rev.: left field	vertical	5.10
lion’s head	stater	rev.: right field	facing	3.17a–b, e
	obol	rev.: right field	facing	5.12b
olive sprig	stater	rev.: lower field	vertical	3.11
round shield	third stater	obv.: left field	—	4.3
	obol	obv.: left field	—	5.5
Sun	stater	obv.: upper field	—	3.6, 3.17
	obol	obv.: upper field	—	5.12b
	obol	rev.: left field	—	5.14
	bronze coins	rev.: right field	—	7.3c
wreath	obol	obv.: upper field	—	5.12a

 

City ethnic

Ethnic	Denomination	Position	Type
KEΛENΔEPITIKON	stater	rev.	3.13a–c
KEΛEN	stater	obv.	1.3a
		rev.	1.2, 2.6d–e, 2.8d–e, 2.9, 2.10d, 2.12, 3.1f, 3.2, 3.3, 3.6b, 3.7c–f, 3.8b–l, 3.9c–g, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13d, 3.14, 3.15a–d, 3.16b–c, 3.17c–e
	third stater	rev.	4.6c, 4.7a, 4.8a, 4.9, 4.10
KEΛE	stater	obv.	2.3c
		rev.	2.6c, 2.7b, 2.8c, 2.10c, 2.11b, 3.1d–e, 3.8a, 3.9a–b, 3.16a, 3.17a–b
	third stater	rev.	4.6b
KEΛ	stater	obv.	2.3a–b, 2.2
		rev.	1.1, 2.1a, 2.4, 2.7a, 2.8a–b, 2.10a–b, 2.6a–b, 3.1a–c, 3.5, 3.7a
	third stater	obv.	4.5
		rev.	4.5, 4.6a, 4.7b, 4.8b–c
	obol	rev.	5.2a–b, 5.3a, d, 5.4a, c–e, 5.9, 5.10b–c, 5.11d, h–i, 5.13a, c
	hemiobol	rev.	6.1d–e, 6.2b, d–g
KE	stater	rev.	3.4
	obol	rev.	5.3b–c, 5.4b, 5.10a, 5.11a, c, f–g, 5.12, 5.14
	hemiobol	rev.	6.1c, 6.2a, c, 6.6
	bronze coins	rev.	7.1a, 7.3
K	hemiobol	rev.	6.1b
KEΔ (sic)	obol	rev.	5.13b
KENΛ (sic)	stater	rev.	3.7b
anepigraphic	stater		1.3b, 2.5, 2.1b, 3.15e (?)
	third stater		4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
	obol		5.1, 5.2c–e, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.11b, d
	hemiobol		6.1a, f (?), 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
	bronze coins		7.1b, 7.2

 

Concordance with the Celenderis Hoard

The so-called Celenderis Hoard (IGCH 1255) was analysed and published by Colin M. Kraay in 1962. This table maps Kraay’s classification of the Kelenderis staters onto the types used in this preliminary online catalogue.

Kraay 1962		This catalogue
Series	Type	Group	Type
I	1	2	2.7a
	2		2.7b
	3		2.8a
	4		2.8d
	5		2.9a
	6		2.9b
	7		2.9c
II	8		2.11a
	9		2.11b
	10		2.11b
	11		2.10a
	12		2.10b
III	13		2.6d
	14		2.6d
	15		2.4a
	16		2.3c
	17		2.6b
	18		2.6c
	19		2.12a
	20		2.12d
	21		2.12c
	22		2.6b
IV	23	3	3.7a
	24		3.7d
	25		3.10
	26	Fourrées	2