A preliminary relative chronology of Kelenderis staters is presented in Table 1. The chronology will later be anchored in absolute time, and lower denominations will also be included. For the time being, the staters are divided into 11 phases reflecting their relative chronological order. Within each phase, the coins are divided into stages based, where possible, on identified die links. In many cases, the type numbers used in this catalogue do not correspond to the proposed chronological sequence because the classification and numbering are preliminary and will in some cases be revised.

The division of coins into phases and stages is based on the following data presented on this website:

• iconography and style (Coin Catalogue: Kelenderis)
• die links (Die Analyses: Kelenderis)
• hoard data (Hoards: Kelenderis)
• weight analyses (Weight Analyses: Kelenderis)
• countermarks (Coin Catalogue: Countermarks)
• overstrikes (Coin Catalogue: Overstrikes)

Phase	Stage	Type	Comments
I	1	1.1	prominent depiction of the rectus abdominis muscles	die link
	2	1.2			round flans predominate
	3	1.3		rev.: dotted border
II	?	2.1		fierce-looking goat with massive horns
	?	2.3
III	?	2.2	rectus abdominis muscles depicted more realistically		rev.: astragalos
	?	2.4			obv. 2.4b: behind horse’s forelegs, Π
	?	2.5			rev.: boxed form of letter heta
IV	1	2.11	die links		obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, Π
	2	2.8			obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A
	3	2.9		horse decorated with ornamental collar (with the exception of variants 2.6a and 2.6c–d)	obv.: in front of horse’s hind legs, A engraved over another character; 2.9b–c: behind horse’s forelegs, Π (retrograde)
	4	2.7			obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, A
V	1	2.10	die links		obv.: behind horse’s forelegs, letter resembling Π
	2	2.6
	3	2.12			goat oriented to the right
VI	1	3.1	die links
		3.8		die link to 3.10
	2	3.3
		3.10		die link to 3.8
	?	3.2	similar in style to Types 3.1 and 3.3
VII	1	3.14	die links
	2	3.13		die links
		3.7			die links
		3.11
VIII	?	3.12	die links
	?	3.9
IX		3.4	corresponds in weight to types in phases X and XI, but the style is earlier
X	1	3.16	die links		late style
	2	3.15		die links
	3	3.5
XI	1	3.17	die links	rider sitting astride a horse
	2	3.6

Table 1: Relative chronology of Kelenderis staters

Notes on this preliminary relative chronology:

1. The three groups into which the Kelenderis staters are divided in this catalogue represent their basic chronological arrangement: Group 1 includes Phase I, Group 2 includes Phases II–V, and Group 3 includes Phases VI–XI. There are no known die links among the three groups; it therefore cannot be ruled out that they were separated by chronological gaps.
2. The chronological placement of Group 2 before Group 3 is also suggested by weight analysis and by early Aspendos staters with a warrior advancing to the right on the obverse and a triskeles on the reverse, which are overstruck on Kelenderis staters of Types 2.1–2.11 (Group 2). Conversely, a Kelenderis stater of Type 1.3 (Group 1) is overstruck on an Aspendos stater of this early type. This suggests substantial overlap between the periods during which the early Aspendos staters and the Kelenderis staters of Groups 1 and 2 were minted. It should be noted that no conclusion can be drawn from the existence of Nagidos staters of Type 2.7 overstruck on Kelenderis staters with the rider facing right (Group 3) until the chronology of Nagidos coins has also been compiled (in preparation).
3. The earliest coins of Group 2 (Phase II), like those of Group 1, are characterised by the prominent rendering of the rider’s rectus abdominis muscles. This manner of depicting male figures is found on Greek gems of the late Archaic and early Classical periods (see, e.g., Richter 1968, no. 41 on p. 37 and nos. 99–101 on p. 51), as well as on Etruscan gems of the same period (see, e.g., ibid., nos. 834–6 on pp. 205–6). This does not mean, of course, that these coins date from the first half of the 5th century BC, but they can be placed chronologically before the other types of coins in Group 2.
4. On Phase III coins, the rider’s rectus abdominis muscles are rendered more realistically. These coins are nevertheless linked to those of Phase II by their shared depiction of a fierce-looking goat with massive horns. On coins of all subsequent phases, the goat lacks this raw, forceful appearance.
5. On coins of Phases I–III, the city ethnic, if present, appears either in the exergue on the obverse or reverse or vertically on the reverse. This contrasts with its placement on coins of Phases IV–XI.
6. The order of Phases IV and V is supported by the introduction of the horse’s decorative collar in Phase IV and its continuation into Phase V, as well as by the orientation of the goat to the right in the final stage of Phase V (Type 2.12), which anticipates the changes seen in Group 3.
7. In Group 3, Phase VI is stylistically earlier than the following phases. Coins of Types 3.7 and 3.10, assigned to Phases VI and VII, are present in the Celenderis Hoard (IGCH 1255, c. 400 BC). Coins of some types assigned to Phases VI, VII, and VIII are present in IGCH 1258 (c. 390–380 BC).
8. The chronological classification of Type 3.4 is problematic. In terms of weight, this type corresponds to the late types 3.5–6 and 3.15–17, but stylistically it differs from these late issues and does not fit in with the earlier types either. For these reasons, the type has provisionally been assigned to a separate phase, Phase IX.
9. Coins from the final phases, X and XI, are characterised by a late “academic” style and lower weight. The depiction of a rider sitting astride a horse, rather than dismounting, places Types 3.6 and 3.17 in the final phase of Kelenderis stater production.
10. As Table 2 below shows, most countermark types occur in only one chronological phase. The exceptions are the countermarks “bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above” and “wolf running l., crescent above” used on coins from both Phases VI and VII, and the countermark “bull walking r., crescent above” used on coins from Phases VI, VII and X, with the vast majority occurring on coins from Phase X. These overlaps are marked in light blue in Table 2. Note that the total number of countermarked coins is slightly lower than the number of countermarks in Table 2, as some coins have more than one countermark.

Countermark	Phase
	I	V	VI	VII	X
bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above			2	1
bull walking l., crescent above					1
bull walking l., V=Λ above				1
bull walking r.					2
bull walking r., crescent above			1	2	22
eagle standing l., upward trident behind it			1
Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER	1
grazing boar r.		2
ibis r.	1
quadruped kneeling l. with head reverted				1
three pellets		1
three pellets and a Χ pattern		1
unidentified			3
wolf running l., crescent above			1	1
wolf running r., crescent above				1
wolf running r., Ν (?) above			1
wolf walking r., retrograde N (?) above, Λ below				1
Total	2	4	9	8	25

Table 2: Numbers of countermarks in individual phases