Overview and iconography Distribution among mints Basic observations Additional notes Summary tables Lists of countermarked coins

Overview and iconography

In pre-Hellenistic Cilicia Trachea, countermarks are found on staters minted at Holmoi, Kelenderis, and Nagidos. No countermarks are known on lower denominations or on coins from Anemourion, Aphrodisias, and the Pseudo-Kelenderis mints.

The following countermark types are found on staters of Holmoi, Kelenderis, and Nagidos:

1. bull walking right, crescent above (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 24)
2. bull walking right (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 24a)
3. bull standing left, Aramaic letters IZ above (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 26)
4. bull walking left, crescent above
5. bull walking left, V=Λ above
6. eagle standing right, upward trident before it (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 31)
7. eagle standing left, upward trident behind it (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 30)
8. Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER
9. grazing boar right (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 27)
10. ibis right
11. leaping lion with raised tail right, pellet above (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 312, 9)
12. quadruped kneeling left with head reverted
13. three pellets
14. three pellets and a Χ pattern
15. wolf running left, crescent above (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 17)
16. wolf running right, crescent above (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, 16)
17. wolf running right, Ν (?) above
18. wolf walking right, retrograde N (?) above, Λ below

All of these countermarks are rectangular except for nos. 13–14 (three pellets; three pellets and a Χ pattern). Statistics on their frequency, distribution among individual mints and coin types, and placement on the obverse or reverse are presented in Tables 1–4 below. Note that the total number of countermarks (see the Total row in Tables 1 and 4) is higher than the total number of countermarked coins (see the Total row in Tables 2 and 3), because some coins bear more than one countermark. Countermarked Cilician coins recorded in the Coin Corpus on this website are listed in Tables 5 (all countermarks, whether placed alone or in combination with others) and 6 (coins bearing more than one countermark).

Countermarks nos. 1–5 probably depict a bull, although a cow cannot be ruled out (Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 313, uses the general terms “Stehendes Rind” and “Schreitendes Rind”). Countermarks nos. 15–18 are similarly ambiguous: they probably depict a wolf, although a dog or another canine cannot be ruled out.

The grazing-boar countermark (no. 9) appears on coins of Kelenderis (Tables 1 and 5) and Aspendos.1 The animal is rendered schematically and resembles early Greek horse figurines, with their tubular legs, rudimentary hooves, slender midsections, and funnel-shaped heads. It has little or no neck and a very large head with one or two ears on top. The position of the head at ground level and the open mouth clearly indicate that the animal is grazing or consuming some kind of food. The hind feet or hooves appear to be turned sideways or backwards, while the front ones face forwards and appear pointed. The animal’s back forms a pronounced convex curve, unlike that of a horse, donkey, or mule. Its short tail projects straight backwards, whereas that of a horse, donkey, or mule would hang down. On the basis of these characteristics, the animal can be identified as a grazing boar.2

The kneeling-quadruped countermark (no. 12) also appears on coins of Kelenderis (Tables 1 and 5) and Aspendos.3 The identification of the animal is uncertain. Goats, deer, lions, and bulls are commonly depicted in this pose. The front of the face is flat, with a prominent cheekbone or jowl beneath it. This may rule out a deer, which usually has a head tapering towards a small muzzle, as well as a bull, whose lower profile from jaw to neck would be straight. The thick neck might suggest a lion’s mane, but the mouth is closed, whereas lions are normally shown with open mouths. Some of the legs appear to have hooves, the tail appears short, and the overall pose resembles that of the kneeling goat on Kelenderis coins. The animal could therefore be a poorly rendered goat, although its head lacks a beard and it is unclear whether horns are depicted.4

Countermarks that are not legible or whose interpretation is not clear are included in Tables 1, 5 and 6 under the category “unidentified”.

Distribution among mints

A detailed analysis of the distribution of countermarks among Pamphylian and Cilician mints is provided in de Callataÿ 2000, pp. 112 ff. The following overview is limited to the countermarks found on coins of Holmoi, Kelenderis, and Nagidos, namely nos. 1–18 above. It draws on the study by François de Callataÿ cited above, Imhoof-Blumer 1902, pp. 312–313, Table 1, and the evidence for the grazing-boar and kneeling-quadruped countermarks discussed above.

The distribution of individual countermark types among Pamphylian and Cilician mints is as follows:

bull walking r., crescent above:	Aspendos, Holmoi, Issos, Kelenderis, Mallos, Nagidos, Side, Soloi, Tarsos
bull walking r.:	Aspendos, Kelenderis, Nagidos
bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above:	Aspendos, Issos, Kelenderis, Mallos, Nagidos, Side, Selge, Soloi
bull walking l., crescent above:	Kelenderis
bull walking l., V=Λ above:	Kelenderis
eagle standing r., upward trident before it:	Nagidos, Tarsos
eagle standing l., upward trident behind it:	Kelenderis, Mallos
Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER:	Kelenderis
grazing boar r.:	Aspendos, Kelenderis
ibis r.:	Kelenderis
leaping lion with raised tail r., pellet above:	Nagidos, Side, Tarsos
quadruped kneeling l. with head reverted:	Aspendos, Kelenderis
three pellets:	Kelenderis
three pellets and a Χ pattern:	Kelenderis
wolf running l., crescent above:	Aspendos, Kelenderis, Mallos, Nagidos, Selge, Side, Soloi, Tarsos
wolf running r., crescent above:	Aspendos, Nagidos
wolf running r., Ν (?) above:	Kelenderis
wolf walking r., retrograde N (?) above, Λ below:	Kelenderis

Basic observations

Countermarks are usually found on the reverse of coins; only about 10% occur on the obverse (Table 4). This suggests that care was taken to place the countermark on the side bearing the civic ethnic. Coins with more than one countermark are rare (Table 6), unlike Pamphylian coins, on which multiple countermarks are much more common. A single coin of Side, for example, could receive as many as eight countermarks (de Callataÿ 2022, p. 9). This may indicate that Pamphylian coins circulated longer and more intensively across different regions, necessitating repeated confirmation of their validity.

The greatest variety of countermarks in Cilicia Trachea occurs on coins of Kelenderis, which bear 15 of the 18 identified countermark types. Coins of Nagidos bear seven identified types, while those of Holmoi bear only one (Table 1; the category “unidentified” is excluded from these figures). This may indicate that Kelenderis coins were used in more places or for a wider range of purposes than Nagidos coins, while staters minted at Holmoi were intended primarily for local use or for purposes of prestige.

Only about 8% of all coins minted in Cilicia Trachea were countermarked (Table 2). The vast majority of countermarked coins, however, belong to the final stages of production at these mints: Group 2 of Holmoi, Group 3 of Kelenderis, and Group 3 of Nagidos (Table 2). Within these final stages, countermarked coins are concentrated largely in certain types (Table 3). To account for statistical uncertainty arising from the sample sizes, 90% Clopper–Pearson confidence intervals are shown in the last column of the table. Rows in which the lower limit of this interval is greater than or equal to 25% are marked in bold. These are the Holmoi staters of Type 2.1, the Kelenderis staters of Types 3.15 and 3.16, and the Nagidos staters of Types 3.2 and 3.3. On the basis of the observed data, we can therefore be 95% confident that at least a quarter of these coins were countermarked (the two-sided confidence level is 90%, so the interval extending upwards from its lower limit corresponds to a one-sided confidence level of 95%). At least 10% of the coins of Nagidos Types 3.1 and 3.4 were also countermarked.

Additional notes

Drawing on analyses of coin production throughout Pamphylia and Cilicia, de Callataÿ 2022 (pp. 12–14) showed that: (1) countermarks were not applied after a period of circulation to certify the value of the coins, but at the mint itself or, in any event, while the coins were still extremely fresh; (2) countermarked coins often share the same dies; and (3) in at least two cases, the same countermark appears to have been applied during, or very soon after, the production of coins at different mints. On the basis of these findings and other detailed analyses, he argued that coin production in Pamphylia and Cilicia was not civic but pseudo-civic and served primarily to finance the military operations of the Persian satraps (ibid., pp. 19–21).

De Callataÿ (ibid., p. 14) therefore raises the possibility that these coinages were produced at a single central mint. Tahberer 2022a, pp. 51–2, likewise proposes a central mint that may also have produced coins of Kelenderis and Nagidos. However, attributing the coinage of Pamphylia and Cilicia Trachea to a single central mint seems unlikely. If most of these coinages served the Persian satrapal administration and only smaller quantities met the local economic needs of individual cities, one would expect a central mint to produce large quantities of coins with a uniform design and relatively small quantities with local motifs. The opposite is observed: the output of staters bearing the local designs of Aspendos, Side, Kelenderis, and Nagidos exceeds the needs of their local economies (de Callataÿ 2022, pp. 2–4). Moreover, the artistic styles of coins from the cities in these regions differ from one another, with the exception of the Athena/Apollo staters of Holmoi and Side.

The facts outlined above—that countermarks were applied to newly minted coins, that countermarked coins often share the same dies, and that coins from different mints bear the same countermark—can be explained without positing a central mint. The satraps may have commissioned individual civic mints to produce the quantities of coin required for their military or other activities, whether by supplying the cities with state silver or by accepting taxes in this form. The freshly minted coins could then have been delivered to a designated location, countermarked there, and used, for example, to pay mercenaries, who could accept them regardless of their origin.

However, the existence of such a central mint for Cilicia Pedias cannot be ruled out. A hybrid stater analysed by Müseler 2021 (p. 85, 7.8 = p. 107, 10.4) combines an obverse of Mallos with a reverse of Soloi.5 Müseler (ibid., p. 115) states: “It appears as if various civic coinages from Kilikia Pedias have not only been organized by a central agency but even been struck at one and the same place on some occasions.” Other hybrid staters combine Cilicia Trachea and Cilicia Pedias: Kelenderis with Tarsos or Soloi (Kelenderis Types HS.1 and HS.2) and Nagidos with Tarsos or Mallos (Nagidos Type HS.1).6 At least two of these coins, however, are contemporary imitations and therefore cannot be considered evidence that some Kelenderis and Nagidos issues were produced at a central mint.7

The existence of hybrid coins, i.e. coins sharing dies corresponding to the coin types of two different mints, does not in itself necessarily imply that they were struck in a single location. In the 5th and 4th centuries BC, dies were sometimes shared between mints in the same area; see Fischer-Bossert 2018.

Summary tables

Countermark	Holmoi	Kelenderis	Nagidos	Total
bull walking r., crescent above	6	25	28	59
eagle standing r., upward trident before it			9	9
bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above		3	4	7
unidentified		3	2	5
bull walking r.		2	2	4
wolf running l., crescent above		2	2	4
grazing boar r.		2		2
leaping lion with raised tail r., pellet above			2	2
quadruped kneeling l. with head reverted		2		2
wolf running r., crescent above			2	2
Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER		1		1
bull walking l., V=Λ above		1		1
bull walking l., crescent above		1		1
eagle standing l., upward trident behind it		1		1
ibis r.		1		1
three pellets		1		1
three pellets and a Χ pattern		1		1
wolf running r., Ν (?) above		1		1
wolf walking r., retrograde N (?) above, Λ below		1		1
Total	6	48	51	105

Table 1: Countermark types and their frequency

Mint	Coins in corpus	Countermarked coins
		Count	Percentage
Anemourion	2
Aphrodisias	4
Holmoi, Group 1	9
Holmoi, Group 2	9	6	66.7%
Kelenderis, Group 1	14	1	7.1%
Kelenderis, Group 2	248	3	1.2%
Kelenderis, Group 3	278	40	14.4%
Nagidos, Group 1	143	2	1.4%
Nagidos, Group 2	250	7	2.8%
Nagidos, Group 3	203	41	20.2%
Pseudo-Kelenderis	25
Total	1185	100	8.4%

Table 2: Countermarked coins by mint and group

Mint	Type	Coins in corpus	Countermarked coins
			Count	Percentage	90% confidence interval
Anemourion	1	2			0.0% – 77.6%
Aphrodisias	1	4			0.0% – 52.7%
Holmoi, Group 1	1.1	8			0.0% – 31.2%
	1.2	1			0.0% – 95.0%
Holmoi, Group 2	2.1	9	6	66.7%	34.5% – 90.2%
Kelenderis, Group 1	1.1	2			0.0% – 77.6%
	1.2	2			0.0% – 77.6%
	1.3	10	1	10.0%	0.5% – 39.4%
Kelenderis, Group 2	2.1	2			0.0% – 77.6%
	2.2	9			0.0% – 28.3%
	2.3	11			0.0% – 23.8%
	2.4	10			0.0% – 25.9%
	2.5	3			0.0% – 63.2%
	2.6	37	1	2.7%	0.1% – 12.2%
	2.7	15			0.0% – 18.1%
	2.8	36			0.0% – 8.0%
	2.9	16			0.0% – 17.1%
	2.10	24			0.0% – 11.7%
	2.11	40			0.0% – 7.2%
	2.12	45	2	4.4%	0.8% – 13.3%
Kelenderis, Group 3	3.1	36	3	8.3%	2.3% – 20.2%
	3.2	18	1	5.6%	0.3% – 23.8%
	3.3	1	1	100.0%	5.0% – 100.0%
	3.4	3			0.0% – 63.2%
	3.5	5	2	40.0%	7.6% – 81.1%
	3.6	2			0.0% – 77.6%
	3.7	62	2	3.2%	0.6% – 9.8%
	3.8	47	4	8.5%	3.0% – 18.4%
	3.9	27			0.0% – 10.5%
	3.10	7	1	14.3%	0.7% – 52.1%
	3.11	4			0.0% – 52.7%
	3.12	9			0.0% – 28.3%
	3.13	13	1	7.7%	0.4% – 31.6%
	3.14	5	2	40.0%	7.6% – 81.1%
	3.15	16	12	75.0%	51.6% – 91.0%
	3.16	16	11	68.8%	45.2% – 86.8%
	3.17	7			0.0% – 34.8%
Nagidos, Group 1	1.1	27	1	3.7%	0.2% – 16.4%
	1.2	7			0.0% – 34.8%
	1.3	43			0.0% – 6.7%
	1.4	4			0.0% – 52.7%
	1.5	60	1	1.7%	0.1% – 7.7%
	1.6	2			0.0% – 77.6%
Nagidos, Group 2	2.1	4			0.0% – 52.7%
	2.2	5	2	40.0%	7.6% – 81.1%
	2.3	9	1	11.1%	0.6% – 42.9%
	2.4	42	2	4.8%	0.9% – 14.2%
	2.5	3			0.0% – 63.2%
	2.6	170	1	0.6%	0.0% – 2.8%
	2.7	13			0.0% – 20.6%
	2.8	4	1	25.0%	1.3% – 75.1%
Nagidos, Group 3	3.1	15	5	33.3%	14.2% – 57.7%
	3.2	13	8	61.5%	35.5% – 83.4%
	3.3	14	11	78.6%	53.4% – 93.9%
	3.4	52	13	25.0%	15.5% – 36.8%
	3.5	19			0.0% – 14.6%
	3.6	29			0.0% – 9.8%
	3.7	46	3	6.5%	1.8% – 16.0%
	3.8	11	1	9.1%	0.5% – 36.4%
	3.9	4			0.0% – 52.7%
Pseudo-Kelenderis	1	24			0.0% – 11.7%
	2	1			0.0% – 95.0%
Total		1185	100	8.4%	7.1% – 9.9%

Table 3: Frequency of countermarked coins by mint and type (rows for which the lower limit of the confidence interval is greater than or equal to 25% are marked in bold)

Mint	Countermarks
	Obverse	Reverse	Total
Holmoi		6	6
Kelenderis	5	43	48
Nagidos	6	45	51
Total	11	94	105

Table 4: Distribution of countermarks between obverse and reverse

Lists of countermarked coins

Mint	Type	Reference
bull walking r., crescent above
Holmoi	2.1a	Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 200 (10 October 2011), Lot 1970 (acsearch.info URL)
	2.1b	Münzen & Medaillen GmbH, Auction 30 (28 May 2009), Lot 1070 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 143 (6 October 2008), Lot 232 (acsearch.info URL).
	2.1b	Gemini, LLC, Auction III (9 January 2007), Lot 214 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Numismatic Fine Arts, Auction VIII (6 June 1980), Lot 320.
	2.1c	The Münzkabinett of the Staatliche Museen of Berlin, Accession 1900 Imhoof-Blumer, Object number 18301296, Permalink https://ikmk.smb.museum/object?id=18301296.
	2.1c	SNG Levante, 32 = Classical Numismatic Group, Triton VII (12 January 2004), Lot 290 (acsearch.info URL).
	2.1d	Stack’s Bowers Galleries, January 2016 NYINC Auction (8 January 2016), Lot 30105 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Superior Galleries Sale (3–6 June 1985), Lot 2187.
Kelenderis	3.1a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.76 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.5b	Leu Numismatik, Auction 6 (23 October 2020), Lot 242 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.5d	Gemini, LLC, Auction II (11 January 2006), Lot 126 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 125 (13 October 2003), Lot 238 (acsearch.info URL). Ex The New York Sale, Auction 5 (16 January 2003), Lot 160 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Numismatic Fine Arts Inc., Beverly Hills, Sale 11 (New York 1982), Lot 204.
	3.13d	CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 19 (29 January 2004), Lot 114 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.14b	SNG von Aulock, 5637.
	3.15–	Munthandel G. Henzen, Fixed Price List, accessed 29 July 2025 (MA Shops URL). Ex Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 89 (8 March 2004), Lot 1436 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.15a	Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd, Auction 34 (13 October 2003), Lot 181 (acsearch.info URL). Ex The Nelson Bunker Hunt Collection IV (Sotheby’s, 19–20 June 1991), Lot 426.
	3.15a	Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 94 (27 September 2004), Lot 1337 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Auktion Giessener Münzhandlung 26, München 1983, Lot 1515.
	3.15a	Roma Numismatics Limited, Auction 9 (22 March 2015), Lot 394 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Stack’s Bowers Galleries, August 2014 Chicago ANA Auction (5 August 2014), Lot 328 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.15a	SNG Copenhagen 33, 90. Ex Münzen & Medaillen (Basel, Switzerland), 1949.
	3.15b	Savoca Coins, 28th Silver Auction (16 December 2018), Lot 131 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.15b	Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger, Auction 415 (5 November 2015), Lot 119 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.15b	Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 61 (26 March 2003), Lot 38 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.15b	Classical Numismatic Group, Auction 118 (13 September 2021), Lot 319 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Triton VI (14 January 2003), Lot 436 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Birkler & Waddell 2 (11 December 1980), Lot 185.
	3.15b	Stack’s, Ancient & World Coin Auction January 2007 (15 January 2007), Lot 4138 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.15c	Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles, Inc., Auction 104 (12 June 2018), Lot 3068 (acsearch.info URL). Ex The New York Sale, Auction 42 (9 January 2018), Lot 227 (acsearch.info URL). Ex The New York Sale, Auction 27 (4 January 2012), Lot 582 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.16a	SNG Copenhagen 33, 82. Ex Münzen & Medaillen (Basel, Switzerland), 1948.
	3.16a	CGB Numismatics Paris, Live Auction December 2023 (5 December 2023), Lot 821875 (acsearch.info URL). Ex CGB Numismatics Paris, Internet Auction January 2023 (24 January 2023), Lot 796135 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.16a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.78 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.16a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.79 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.16a	Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 515 (4 May 2022), Lot 208 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.16a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.80 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.16a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.75 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.16a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.77 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.16a	Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles, Inc., Auction 120 (2 February 2021), Lot 1020 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles, Inc., Auction 23 (25–28 January 2004), Lot 3701 (Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles URL). (countermark on obverse)
Nagidos	2.2	Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 126 (9 November 2005), Lot 83 (acsearch.info URL).
	2.3c	H. D. Rauch GmbH, Auction 121 (11 December 2025), Lot 418 (acsearch.info URL).
	2.8	SNG Levante, 10 = Classical Numismatic Group, Mail Bid Sale 66 (19 May 2004), Lot 574 (acsearch.info URL).
Nagidos	3.1a	London Coins LTD, Auction 166 (31 August 2019), Lot 1411 (acsearch.info URL). Ex London Coins LTD, Auction 157 (3 June 2017), Lot 1721 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
	3.1b	CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 36 (23 October 2008), Lot 201 (acsearch.info URL). Ex CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 29 (19 April 2007), Lot 38 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.1b	Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger, Auction 426 (16 June 2020), Lot 125 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 265 (14 October 2019), Lot 449 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Numismatik Lanz München, Auction 76 (18 May 1996), Lot 265.
	3.1c	SNG von Aulock, 5749.
	3.2b	Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 244 (6 March 2017), Lot 334 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.2b	Hess Divo AG, Auction 317 (27 October 2010), Lot 271 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Münzen & Medaillen GmbH, Auction 11 (7 October 2002), Lot 738 (acsearch.info URL). Ex H. H. Kricheldorf Nachf. (Freiburg, Germany), Auction 38 (28 November 1984), Lot 265.
	3.2c	Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 275 (22 September 2011), Lot 3965 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.2d	Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 196 (7 March 2011), Lot 1848 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.2d	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA, Object Number 80.NH.152.83 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.2e	CGB Numismatics Paris, Internet Auction January 2023 (24 January 2023), Lot 796153 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.2e	Kölner Münzkabinett Tyll Kroha Nachfolger UG, Auction 104 (12 February 2016), Lot 106 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Kölner Münzkabinett Tyll Kroha Nachfolger UG, Auction 103 (30 June 2015), Lot 101 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.2f	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.85 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.3a	Savoca Coins, 107th Blue Auction (10 July 2021), Lot 280 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.3a	Stack’s Bowers Galleries, August 2014 Chicago ANA Auction (5 August 2014), Lot 30126 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.3a	Hess Divo AG, Auction 314 (4 May 2009), Lot 1201 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Schweizerische Kreditanstalt (SKA, Bern, Switzerland), Auction 7 (1987), Lot 275.
	3.3b	Classical Numismatic Group, Triton IX (10 January 2006), Lot 976 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
	3.3c	Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 250–251 (8 May 2007), Lot 720 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.3c	Stack’s Bowers Galleries, August 2021 ANA Auction (16 August 2021), Lot 42179 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Coin Galleries (a Division of Stack’s, New York, USA), Mail Bid Sale (21 February 1990), Lot 167 (Internet Archive URL).
	3.4a	Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 143 (6 October 2008), Lot 240 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.4a	CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 36 (23 October 2008), Lot 200 (acsearch.info URL). Ex CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 31 (21 June 2007), Lot 77 (acsearch.info URL). Ex CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 25 (26 January 2006), Lot 107 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.4a	Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 244 (6 March 2017), Lot 335 (acsearch.info URL). Ex A Munich art dealer, February 1981.
	3.4a	Salon Numizmatyczny Mateusz Wójcicki, Auction 14 (28 September 2024), Lot 5006 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Auction 124 (19 September 2023), Lot 245 (acsearch.info URL). Ex The New York Sale, Auction 40 (11 January 2017), Lot 1117 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Numismatic Fine Arts (Beverly Hills, USA), Mail Bid Sale (18 October 1990), Lot 370 (Gallica URL). Ex Numismatic Fine Arts (Beverly Hills, USA), Mail Bid Sale (15 January 1982), Lot 245 (Gallica URL).
	3.4b	Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 256 (5 May 2008), Lot 323 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
	3.4c	Savoca Coins, 20th Silver Auction (1 January 2018), Lot 204 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.4i	Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger, Auction 384 (2 November 2005), Lot 335 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger, Auction 380 (3 November 2004), Lot 576 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 173 (19–22 February 1992), Lot 464.
eagle standing r., upward trident before it
Nagidos	3.3a	de Callataÿ 2000, Plate XI, 12 = Jean Elsen & ses Fils S.A., Auction 155 (16 June 2023), Lot 207 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Jean Elsen & ses Fils S.A., Auction 30 (12 June 1993), Lot 120. Ex Schweizerische Bankverein (Zurich, Switzerland), Auction Z6 (19 April 1980), Lot 78. Overstrike (uncertain undertype).
	3.3a	CGB Numismatics Paris, e-Monnaies Décembre 2014 (3 December 2014), Lot 340750 (acsearch.info URL). Ex CGB Numismatics Paris, MONNAIES 34 (30 April 2008), Lot 246 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.3a	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.84 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
	3.3a	Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 97 (7 March 2005), Lot 885 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 94 (27 September 2004), Lot 1345 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.3d	Classical Numismatic Group, Auction 112 (11 September 2019), Lot 305 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Davissons Ltd., Auction 38 (27 February 2019), Lot 53 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd, Auction 34 (13 October 2003), Lot 202 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.4–	SNG Copenhagen 33, 183. Ex Münzen & Medaillen (Basel, Switzerland), 1948.
	3.4c	Lederer 1931, 47 = BMC 21, p. 114, 24 = The British Museum (London), museum number TC,p187.1.Nag
	3.4c	Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 174 (27 September 2010), Lot 408 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.4g	SNG Levante, 13 = Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, eLive Auction 59 (25 March 2020), Lot 8108 (acsearch.info URL).
bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above
Kelenderis	3.2b	Numismatik Naumann, Auction 101 (4 April 2021), Lot 305 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.8f	BMC 21, p. 55, 21 = The British Museum (London), museum number TC,p186.3.Cel.
	3.14b	SNG von Aulock, 5637.
Nagidos	1.1a	Lederer 1931, 1c. (fourrée)
	1.5e	Leu Numismatik, Web Auction 3 (25 February 2018), Lot 379 (acsearch.info URL).
Nagidos	2.4b	Lederer 1931, 23 = SNG France 2, 25.
	2.6d	Lederer 1931, 28 = SNG France 2, 21. (countermark on obverse)
unidentified
Kelenderis	3.1–	Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd, Auction 34 (13 October 2003), Lot 179 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.1f	Auctiones GmbH, eAuction 34 (22 February 2015), Lot 30 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Münzen & Medaillen GmbH, Auction 36 (30 May 2012), Lot 471 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.8d	SNG France 2, 68 = Forrer/Weber 3, 7515.
Nagidos	3.1d	Roma Numismatics Limited, E-Sale 117 (22 February 2024), Lot 382 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Roma Numismatics Limited, E-Sale 111 (24 August 2023), Lot 448 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.4g	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.86 (Getty’s Collection Online URL). (countermark on obverse)
bull walking r.
Kelenderis	3.16a	Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Auction 143 (6 October 2008), Lot 235 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
	3.16a	Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 332 (20 September 2017), Lot 2291 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Gerhard Hirsch Nachfolger, Auction 326 (16 February 2017), Lot 1786 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
Nagidos	2.2	SNG Copenhagen 33, 179. Ex Münzen & Medaillen (Basel, Switzerland), 1948.
Nagidos	3.4n	SNG Copenhagen 33, 182. Ex Münzen & Medaillen (Basel, Switzerland), 1948. (countermark on obverse)
wolf running l., crescent above
Kelenderis	3.1–	Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd, Auction 34 (13 October 2003), Lot 179 (acsearch.info URL).
	3.8h	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.81 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
Nagidos	2.2	Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 126 (9 November 2005), Lot 83 (acsearch.info URL).
	2.4b	Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 386 (9 November 2016), Lot 307 (acsearch.info URL).
grazing boar r.
Kelenderis	2.12–	Solidus Numismatik, Auction 137 (12 November 2024), Lot 74 (biddr.com URL).
	2.12b	Solidus Numismatik, Auction 138 (10 December 2024), Lot 1134 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
leaping lion with raised tail r., pellet above
Nagidos	3.7u	Lederer 1931, 87 = The Münzkabinett of the Staatliche Museen of Berlin, Accession 1906 Löbbecke, Object number 18302949, Permalink https://ikmk.smb.museum/object?id=18302949.
	3.8a	Lederer 1931, 71b.
quadruped kneeling l. with head reverted
Kelenderis	3.7a	Heritage Auctions, Inc., Auction 232304 (25 January 2023), Lot 64072 (acsearch.info URL; for large photo see Archive of Heritage Auctions).
	3.10	Time-Numismatic GmbH, Time Auction 9 (22 May 2026), Lot 96 (biddr.com URL)
wolf running r., crescent above
Nagidos	3.7f	Hera Numismatics, Auction 16 (25 March 2026), Lot 177 (biddr.com URL).
	3.7p	SNG France 2, 36 = Lederer 1931, 82b.
Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER
Kelenderis	1.3b	Newell 1914, 60 (IGCH 1259)
bull walking l., V=Λ above
Kelenderis	3.14a	SNG Levante, 26 = SNG von Aulock, 5638 = de Nanteuil, 517 = Classical Numismatic Group, Triton XVI (8 January 2013), Lot 519 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Triton X (9 January 2007), Lot 376 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Classical Numismatic Group, Triton VII (12 January 2004), Lot 293 (acsearch.info URL). Ex Collection du Général Amourel: Monnaies antiques, grecques, romaines & coloniales. Paris (17 January 1921), Lot 109.
bull walking l., crescent above
Kelenderis	3.15e	The J. Paul Getty Museum, Villa Collection, Malibu, California, USA (provenance: donated to The J. Paul Getty Museum in 1980 by Lily Tomlin, Santa Monica, California, USA), Object Number 80.NH.152.82 (Getty’s Collection Online URL).
eagle standing l., upward trident behind it
Kelenderis	3.3	Imhoof-Blumer 1902, p. 453, 1.
ibis r.
Kelenderis	1.3b	Newell 1914, 60 (IGCH 1259)
three pellets
Kelenderis	2.12b	Solidus Numismatik, Auction 138 (10 December 2024), Lot 1134 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
three pellets and a Χ pattern
Kelenderis	2.6e	Heritage Auctions, Inc., Auction 231927 (4 July 2019), Lot 61066 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
wolf running r., Ν (?) above
Kelenderis	3.8c	Solidus Numismatik, Auction 91 (9 December 2021), Lot 140 (acsearch.info URL).
wolf walking r., retrograde N (?) above, Λ below
Kelenderis	3.7c	Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd, Auction 34 (13 October 2003), Lot 180 (acsearch.info URL).

Table 5: Countermarked coins

Mint	Type	Reference
1: Egyptian hieroglyph NEFER; 2: ibis r.
Kelenderis	1.3b	Newell 1914, 60 (IGCH 1259)
1: three pellets; 2: grazing boar r.
Kelenderis	2.12b	Solidus Numismatik, Auction 138 (10 December 2024), Lot 1134 (acsearch.info URL). (countermark on obverse)
1: wolf running l., crescent above; 2: unidentified
Kelenderis	3.1–	Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd, Auction 34 (13 October 2003), Lot 179 (acsearch.info URL).
1: bull walking r., crescent above; 2: bull standing l., Aramaic letters IZ above
Kelenderis	3.14b	SNG von Aulock, 5637.
1: bull walking r., crescent above; 2: wolf running l., crescent above
Nagidos	2.2	Classical Numismatic Group, Electronic Auction 126 (9 November 2005), Lot 83 (acsearch.info URL).

Table 6: Coins with more than one countermark